Does My Child Have SEND?
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Introduction to Special Educational Needs and Disability (SEND)
All children are unique and develop differently.
It is normal for parents and carers to be concerned that their child is falling behind in a particular area, or that their child does things differently to other children. Sometimes this will resolve itself and sometimes this can impact a child and their education.
A parent tells us:
If you are worried about some aspect of your child's learning or development, talk to a professional who knows them e.g. class/nursery teacher, health visitor. - If you have medical concerns, talk to their GP.
Communication between home and school provides a good basis for understanding the individual needs of your child. Your view on your child and their learning needs is important and you should always feel welcome to share it with a professional. It is important to pass on your concerns and discuss them with the teacher who will be able to and tell you about the school’s processes for monitoring and identifying SEND. This information can also be found on the school’s website.
What Does SEND Mean?
SEND is a shortened way of saying Special Educational Needs and Disability.
A child or young person has special educational needs and disabilities if they have a learning difficulty and/or a disability that means they need special health and education support, we shorten this to SEND. (NHS England)
The Government’s SEND code of practice states:
“A child or young person has special educational needs (SEN) if they have a learning difficulty or disability which calls for special educational provision to be made for him or her.
A child or young person of compulsory school age is said to have SEN if they:
- Have a significantly greater difficulty in learning than the majority of others of the same age.
- Have a disability which prevents or hinders them from making use of educational facilities..”
To read the SEND Code of Practice, please click the link below:
Different Types of SEND
It is important to remember that all children develop at different times. But if over time your child appears to have greater difficulty in areas of their learning or social and emotional development than other children of the same age or, if your child appears to have some specific difficulties e.g. physically or with their hearing or vision, they may be assessed to have SEND. Any concerns you have should be discussed with their nursery, school or college who will, if required, arrange for further assessment to identify your child’s SEND.
There are four broad areas of need set out in the SEND Code of Practice. These are to give an overview of the range of needs that a child or young person may have and they can be an indicator of the different needs that should be planned for in nurseries, schools and colleges. The purpose of identification is not to give your child a ‘label’ as in practice a child may have needs that cut across all four areas and every child and young person is different. By considering the four broad areas of need, within a graduated approach, your child’s needs can be assessed and the nursery, school or college will work with you and your child to create a plan of support.
- Communication and Interaction, needs could include: - difficulties with producing or responding to expressive or receptive language, difficulties uttering speech sounds, difficulties understanding spoken and other communications from others, difficulties with understanding age-related social conventions of interaction such as turn-taking during conversations or appropriate level of physical contact during play
- Cognition and Learning, needs generally account for difficulties in curriculum-related areas such as: - reading, writing and spelling, mathematics or the child or young person experiences processing difficulties or difficulties with working memory or short term verbal memory.
- Social, Emotional and Mental Health: Children and young people may experience a wide range of social and emotional difficulties which can present themselves in many ways. These may include becoming withdrawn or isolated, or displaying difficult behaviour. These behaviours may reflect a range of underlying issues. It is important to recognise that these difficulties may reflect other underlying SEND from other categories of need.
- Sensory and/or physical: needs include visual and/or hearing impairments, or a physical need that means they must have additional on-going support and/or equipment
For more detail on the Broad Areas of Need. please visit our page:
Your child will have a ‘primary area of need’ – that is the area that creates the most barriers to developing and learning for them, but they may also have other areas of need and the school can support them to make progress when they have identified what these may be. The process of identifying exactly what your child’s needs are may include observations, discussions with you and your child (in a way that is sensitive and appropriate for them), looking at test scores/work they have done and looking at how they respond to certain teaching approaches. This will happen over time so that support can be tailored to your child’s individual strengths and barriers and it can be clear what strategies will have the most positive impact on their learning.
It can be helpful for parents and carers to keep a diary of your observations of your child’s behaviour and experiences, so that patterns can be seen. This can give you very valuable information on how to support your child and can also help other professionals if they become involved.
Sometimes SEND is described in terms of a diagnosed condition such as Autism, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or Dyslexia. These are identified through assessments carried out by medical professionals.
Diagnosing specific conditions may sometimes help in understanding how best to support your child; however, the approach that childcare settings, schools, or supporting professionals should take to their learning is dependent on many other factors. A diagnosis may be helpful but your child's behaviour and experience will be unique and require a tailored approach to their support so it is important to work with the child, not focus on a diagnosis.
It is important to know that many children will not get a diagnosis but will still require the educational setting and parents and carers to work together to meet their educational needs. A child’s SEND may be separate from a child’s diagnosis.
Neurodiversity
Neurodiversity means that brain differences such as ADHD, or dyslexia can be viewed as natural variations of the human brain.
Everyone has some variation in how good they are at different types of tasks and thinking, but for most people the differences tend to be relatively small. For example, you might be slightly better at maths and slightly poorer at language comprehension or understanding social cues compared to others. Each person has a unique balance of these different thinking skills.
We know from brain-imaging studies that some children and young people have much more variation in their thinking skills. These variations appear in how the brain is “wired”.
Neurodiverse children and young people will usually have some significant differences between their strengths and weaknesses in particular areas. This is sometimes referred to as having a ‘spikey profile’; this means that rather than having a rounded set of skills, they can be very good at some skills and fall behind children and young people their age in others.
For children and young people with learning and thinking diversity it can help them if you as parent/carers and their schools can think of their challenges as differences rather than deficits. This can lead to a positive, strength-based approach which helps raise self-esteem, motivation and resilience. Neurodiversity is an important part of human variation and is something to be celebrated rather than 'cured'. It is important, however, to understand that some children and young people’s neurodiversity can have a significant impact on them and that in these cases they must have higher levels of professional assessment and support.
To find out more, you can visit the website 'Understood', which gives more detail on neurodiversity:
We recommend watching this YyouTube video on Neurodiversity called Amazing Things Happen:
When Should I Speak to Someone About My Child?
For some children it becomes clear in their early years that they have SEND; particularly if they struggle with skills like learning to read, counting, coordination or socialising. For other children and young people, their differences and/or difficulties may only become apparent later on, for instance:
- Some children won’t outwardly demonstrate their SEND until they meet a particular challenge like starting a new school or new lessons
- Some children may well experience a difficulty in accessing certain activities or settings but will find ways to regulate or ‘mask’ during those times. This can sometimes make identifying barriers slightly harder but identifying where and why they struggle is important
Parents and carers do not have to wait until they have clear evidence of their child’s SEND to discuss something with the teacher or nursery staff. The right time to speak to your child’s nursery staff or teacher is when you first begin to worry or suspect there may be SEND – even if you can’t yet put your finger on why.
The key message is that if you think things aren’t quite right for your child then it’s always better to trust your intuition and speak to someone about this.
Who Should I Speak To?
In most cases, the best option is for parents and carers to speak to your child’s teacher/pre-school teacher or nursery staff. They already know your child and a pattern of different behaviours can begin to emerge by comparing home life and how the child is getting on at school or nursery.
It can also be helpful to speak to medical staff such as a health visitor or a GP. There is never a wrong person to approach first, though it is helpful if you can keep everyone informed (e.g. if you are speaking to your GP about a developmental concern you should let the school know).
It may be that your child’s educational setting is noticing things about them that you haven’t yet seen or understood yourself. In this case, they will contact you for a discussion about your child’s needs.
If you are unsure how to describe your worries about your child, or, for example, don’t fully understand what your child’s teachers are saying, then it can be really helpful to seek some advice and guidance. Amaze Special Educational Needs and Disability Information, Advice and Support Service (SENDIASS) offers an East Sussex telephone line you can call for advice and guidance. They are always happy to hear from parents who are beginning to suspect their child has SEND. This service is free and can be contacted on:
Alternatively, you can visit their website for more information:
Next Steps and Assessments
With your help, your child’s pre-school, school or college should identify any special educational needs as early as possible. For more information on how they should do this, please see our sections on 'Early Years (0-5), 'School Age (5-16)' and 'College and Adult Life (16+)':
Some children have learning difficulties but do not need additional support because their school will be able to meet their needs by providing high quality teaching (called Quality-first teaching) and other support which is available to all children when they need it.
Usually, the pre-school, school or college will first try some in-class adjustments to support your child – like giving them more time to read something, or a quiet space they can go to. The school will try to find the right level of support for your child.
If the support the school is offering isn’t quite meeting your child’s needs, then some children will need further assessment, beyond what is possible in school. The school or another professional will refer to supporting teams in either East Sussex County Council or the East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust (ESHC) Child Development Clinic.
The Child Development Clinic is where your child may meet and have assessments carried out by a pediatrician. To find out more information, please click the link below:
Who Is Responsible for Addressing Send?
Your child’s pre-school, school or college (educational settings) have a duty to make ‘best endeavours’ to help your child with their SEND.
Initially this will be the responsibility of the class teacher or key person in a childcare setting. If the class teacher is concerned then they will speak to the SEND coordinator in the school (a SENCO). Every school has a SENCO.
The SENCO will lead on coordinating support for your child. If it is identified that your child needs extra support, they will work with the class teacher to create a written plan that will set out what areas of need your child has and what the educational setting will do to support them. This plan will be reviewed regularly to make sure it is right for your child.
Then, depending on the type and severity of need and if it is appropriate, they will be supported by specialist services provided by either East Sussex County Council or health services such as the Child Development Centre. Some charities are also specialists in supporting children with particular needs.
When the barriers to your child’s learning are particularly complex, support may be provided by a coordinated network of professionals who will work together with the child and their family. Depending on the types of needs this could range from specialist teachers to physical therapists, nurses and support workers.
If a child's SEND is particularly complex, and significantly impacting their ability to access learning despite adjustments already being made then the professionals involved in their support will carry out a Education Health and Care Needs Assessment that might result in an Education Health and Care Plan (an EHCP). To find out more, please visit our section on:
If you require more information, please visit our pages for information on:
Learning About SEND
There are many opportunities for parents and carers to learn more about Special Educational Needs and Disabilities through courses and workshops.
Amaze offers local courses and workshops for parents and carers:
IPSEA offers online training and webinars for parents and carers:
Open for Parents offer local parenting courses and advice:
Help and Support
If you are unsure how to describe your worries about your child, or, for example, don’t fully understand what your child’s teachers are saying then it can be really helpful to seek some advice and guidance.Amaze Special Educational Needs and Disability Information, Advice and Support Service (SENDIASS) offer a telephone line you can call for advice and guidance for all matters related to SEND. This service is free and can be contacted on:
Alternatively, you can visit their website for more information:
You can also visit our online directory (hosted on East Sussex 1Space) that lists many different services offering advice, guidance and support groups covering a wide range of SEN, disabilities and support available:
Glossary of East Sussex SEND Terms
Some of the terms used on this website are explained in our glossary.
Click below to visit the 'Glossary of East Sussex SEND Terms':